What types of EM measures exist?
EM technologies are used in the criminal justice context to monitor compliance with orders, conditions or requirements of early release or community sanctions and measures. The focus of this project is location monitoring.[1] Monitored individuals are therefore required to be in a particular place or area or not be in a specific place. Some examples of the types of conditions which are monitored are provided below:
1. Home detention and house arrest
These 
conditions usually require monitored individuals to stay inside a building at all times. The technology is used to alert the authorities that an individual has left an address. EM of house arrest is used in Hungary.[2] In Germany, serious offenders leaving detention may be on home detention 24 hours a day.[3]
2. Curfews
These conditions usually require monitored individuals to stay at a particular address during certain hours. In England and Wales and the Netherlands, curfew hours are usually overnight.[4]
3. Monitoring non-home locations
Individuals can be monitored in locations other than their homes including their place of work or school or their attendance at a specified programme. Monitored hours coincide with the length of the activity or programme.
4. Exclusion zones
Individuals may be prohibited from entering certain areas, typically in order to safeguard victims or witnesses or prevent individuals from going to locations linked with their offending. The size of exclusion zones can vary from small areas to whole towns or regions. In Scotland, restriction of liberty orders may impose an ‘away from’ condition, 24 hours a day, for up to 12 months, which creates an exclusion zone, typically around one particular house.[5]
5. Inclusion zones
Inclusion zones mean that individuals wearing tags a required to remain within a specific area. Inclusion zones can be as small as a house or cover a wider area. In Hungary, individuals may be restricted to move only within their ‘place of residence’ (the territory of a city or a town).[6]
6. Tracking
Standalone tracking does nothing more than collecting location data on where individuals have been and this becomes known to the authorities. No restrictions of movement apply in this case.
If you have any comments or suggestions, please contact Eszter Párkányi (e.parkanyi[at]leeds.ac.uk).
Last updated: 7/12/2018
[1] Tags also exist which monitor alcohol consumption. These are used to monitor abstinence conditions, in the case of individuals who should not consume alcohol.
[2] 2017. évi XC. törvény a büntetőeljárásról [Code of Criminal Procedure], Sections 281(1); 282 a)
[3] Dünkel, F, Thiele, C and Treig, J (2016) Electronic Monitoring in Germany. EMEU Report , p. 19.
[4] Hucklesby, A, Holdsworth, E (2016) Electronic Monitoring in England and Wales. EMEU Report p. 14 and 16; Boone, M, Van der Kooij, M, Rap, S (2016) Electronic Monitoring in the Netherlands. EMEU Report, p. 24
[5] McIvor, G and Graham, H (2016) Electronic Monitoring in Scotland. EMEUR Report , p. 17
[6] 2017. évi XC. törvény a büntetőeljárásról [Code of Criminal Procedure], Sections 281(1); 282 a)